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Pay it forward is an expression for describing the beneficiary of a good deed repaying it to others instead of to the original benefactor. The concept is old, but the phrase may have been coined by Lily Hardy Hammond in her 1916 book ''In the Garden of Delight''. "Pay it forward" is implemented in contract law of loans in the concept of third party beneficiaries. Specifically, the creditor offers the debtor the option of paying the debt forward by lending it to a third person instead of paying it back to the original creditor. This contract may include the provision that the debtor may repay the debt in kind, lending the same amount to a similarly disadvantaged party once they have the means, and under the same conditions. Debt and payments can be monetary or by good deeds. A related type of transaction, which starts with a gift instead of a loan, is alternative giving. Pay it forward is an action made. ==History== Pay it forward was used as a key plot element in the denouement of a New Comedy play by Menander, ''Dyskolos'' (a title which can be translated as "The Grouch"). ''Dyskolos'' was a prizewinning play in ancient Athens in 317 BC; however, the text of the play was lost and it was only recovered and republished in 1957. The concept was rediscovered and described by Benjamin Franklin, in a letter to Benjamin Webb dated April 25, 1784: Ralph Waldo Emerson, in his 1841 essay ''Compensation'',〔(Ralph Waldo Emerson, ''Compensation'', 1841, (text of Emerson essay) )〕 wrote: "In the order of nature we cannot render benefits to those from whom we receive them, or only seldom. But the benefit we receive must be rendered again, line for line, deed for deed, cent for cent, to somebody." In 1916, Lily Hardy Hammond wrote, "You don't pay love back; you pay it forward."〔 Woody Hayes (February 14, 1913 – March 12, 1987) was a college football coach who is best remembered for winning five national titles and 13 Big Ten championships in 28 years at The Ohio State University. He misquoted Emerson as having said "You can pay back only seldom. You can always pay forward, and you must pay line for line, deed for deed, and cent for cent." He also shortened the (mis)quotation into "You can never pay back; but you can always pay forward" and variants. The 1929 novel, ''Magnificent Obsession'', by Lloyd C. Douglas, also espoused this philosophy, in combination with the concept that good deeds should be performed in confidence. An anonymous spokesman for Alcoholics Anonymous said in the ''Christian Science Monitor'' in 1944, "You can't pay anyone back for what has happened to you, so you try to find someone you can pay forward."〔"Group to Combat Alcoholism Grows Apace in Anonymity" ''Christian Science Monitor'' Jan 8, 1944; pg. 3〕 Also in 1944, the first steps were taken in the development of what became the Heifer Project, one of whose core strategies is "Passing on the Gift".〔("Passing on the gift" is fundamental to Heifer's entire approach. )〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Pay it forward」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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